study of plasma endotholin and nitric oxide in diabetic patients

The endothelin and nitric oxide considered a new system useful to understand and study the molecular mechanisms involved in aging process and in many vascular alteration pathologies. The study of this work was conducted on 65 subjects which divided into three groups. Group I It included 25 NIDDM, 14 male and 11 female. Group II. It included 25 IDDM, 14 male and 11 female. Group III: It included 15 healthy subjects, 8 males and 7 females as control. The following investigation were done to all subjects: fasting and 2 hours PP plasma glucose level-Glycated hemoglobin urine analysis for microalbumin lipid profile plasma levels of endothelin and nitric oxide. The results of this study showed that significant increase in FB and PP blood sugar, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, microalbumin and endothelin with significant decreases in nitric oxide levels in both diabetic groups compared to controls. The result of previous parameters did, not differ significantly between both studied diabetic groups. Also these results showed that significant elevation endothelin and significant reduction of nitric oxide in poor controlled diabetic subjects as compared to controlled diabetic subjects. Conclusion plasma endothelin and nitric oxide levels could be added as chemical markers of diabetic control

Effects of obesity smoking and hypertension on plasma endothelin

Endothelins belong to a family of vasoactive peptides implicated in several disorders of the microvasculature. Endothelin-1 is a potent vasoconstrictive peptide with divers physiologic actions and has been considered to be involved in pathogenesis of hypertension. Several investigators had reported multiple vascular complications related to the high circulatory level of endothelin-[1]. The study comprised 80 male subjects allocated in 4 study groups: Group 1 contained 20 normal men. Group 11 contained 20 obese men. Group 111: contained 20 hypertensive men. Group IV contained 20 smokers. All of study participants were assigned for estimation of plasma levels of endothelin-1 .insulin and blood lipid profile. The obtained results showed a significantly higher fasting plasma ET-[1] levels in all study groups compared to the control. furthermore, there was a significant increase of fasting plasma insulin levels in all study groups, except the smokers, hypertensive as compared to the control levels. The mean value of serum cholesterol and LDL was significantly increased in obese group as compared to controls, but did not differ significantly in hypertensive and smokers compared to controls. The mean value of serum TGS was significantly increased in all study group compared to controls, On the other hand, serum HDL was significantly decreased in all study groups compared with controls. Analysis of the obtained results showed the presence of a positive significant correation between fasting plasma ET-[1] and the mean BMI of obese subjects. Furthermore, fasting plasma ET-[1] showed a positive significant correlation with fasting plasma of insulin in all study groups except the smokers, such correlation suggested a synergistic or additive effect of both peptides in the pathogenesis of obesity, hypertension. Moreover, there was a positive significant correlation between fasting plasma level of ET-[1] with cholesterol, TGs and LDL and a negative significant correlation with serum levels of HDL in all study group. These results signify the presence of a relationship between dyslipidemia occuring in obese, hypertensive and smokers and these peptides. This relation may be causal or concomitant Conclusion, Increased fasting plasma levels of ET-[1] increases the risk of occurrence of cardiovascular complications in either obese, hypertensive, or smoker subjects. The concomitant increase of fasting plasma insulin levels leads to a more pronounced damaging effect and despite being a causal or result, the concomitant dyslipidemia will sign a danger signal for these high risk subjects of being at an increased risk of cardiovascular complications

study of plasma leptin as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease

Leptin which is peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue was known to regulate body weight and adipose tissue mass through a feedback mechanism. Circulating leptin levels refect the net amount of adipose tissue for a given individual, being elevated in obese subjects and reduced in under weight subjects. This study was conducted on 87 subjects. Allocated in 5 study groups: Group l: 19 patients [l2male and 7 female] .IHD with D.M. Group Il: 19 patients [11 male and 8 female] IHD with hypertension Group Ill: 14 patients [all are male] IHD with smoking. Group IV: 15 patients [9 male and 6 female] IHD without risk factor. Group V contained 20 healthy subjects [I 2male and 8 female] as controls. Lipid profile, serum insulin, serum leptin and BMI was estimated to all subjects. The present study showed that serum insulin level was significantly increased in diabetic patient with IHD as compared to controls, but did not changed significantly with other IHD groups as compared to controls. Serum leptin was significantly increased in all IHD] except diabetic patients as compared to controls. However serum leptin not significantly differ in IHD patients without risk factors as compared with IHD patients with risk factors. No statistically significant difference existed between male and female IHD patients regarding of serum leptin and BMI. Also, the present study showed that significant positive correlation between serum leptin and serum insulin levels in IHD patients with D.M. and non significant correlation in IHD patients with hypertension, smoking and lHD without risk factor, Also, our results showd that non significant correlation between serum leptin and BMI in IHD diabetic patients, but significant positive correlation in IHD with hypertension. There is significant negative correlation between serum leptin and HDLc in lHD patients without risk factors. Leptin which is peptide hormone secreted by adipose tissue was considered as a risk factor for IHD. The mechanism by which leptin can cause IHD are still not definitely established

Effect of age on kidney function in man

The present work was carried out on 20 healthy subjects, they were divided into two groups. Group I consisted of 10 subjects ranging in age from 25 to 35 years. Group II consisted of 10 healthy subjects ranging in age from 70 to 80 years. All subjects were submitted to full general and abdominal examination, urine analysis, ECG, blood sugar were within normal range. Creatinine clearance was performed to all subjects. The results showed that, the mean value of serum creatinine was significantly increased in group II in comparison to group I. There is no significant difference between two groups as regard concentration of creatinine in urine and urine volume per 24 hours. As regard creatinine clearance, the mean value showed that there was highly significant decrease in creatinine clearance in group II as compared to group I. The renal function including GFR as was measured by creatinine clearance deline with advancing age. The decline in GFR in old age is due to morphological changes that take place in the kidney and decline of renal blood flow

Effect of calcium antagonists on kidney function in rats

Calcium antagonists is cardiovascular protective drugs and used in treatment of hypertension in addition to its nephroprotective effect. The present work was carried out on thirty male albino rats which divided into three equal groups. Group I: it included 10 normal rats used as control. Group II: it included 10 induced acute uraemic rats by dehydration for 24 hours then intramuscular injection 10 mg/kg glycerol. Group III: it included 10 induced uraemic rats received diltiazem 9 mg/kg twice daily orally 7 days before dehydration. Our results showed that the biochemical parameters [urea, creatinine, sodium, potassium] was significantly increased in group II as compared to normal rats as a result of dehydration and glycerol injection in this group. On other hand the mean value of biochemical parameters of kidney function in group III that received diltiazem was significantly decreased in comparison to group II but there is no significant difference in the parameters of kidney function between group III and group I. Calcium antagonists showed nephroprotective effect. The above results suggest the possiblity of using diltiazem in treatment of acute renal failure or as a prophylactic when acute renal failure is predicted